SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) comprises basic (fundamental) research, applied research, scientific and technical research and development. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH is experimental or theoretical research aimed at obtaining the new knowledge about natural development of nature, humans, society, their relationships without any specific objective connected with the usage of this knowledge. The results of their fulfilment are hypotheses, theories, methods, etc. Fundamental research can end up with recommendations regarding the conduct of the applied research to identify possibilities for making practical use of the obtained scientific results, scientific publications, etc. APPLIED RESEARCH is original research that is carried out to obtain the new knowledge. Applied research is mainly meant for fulfilment of the specific practical objective or task. Applied research identifies possible strands for making use of results of fundamental research, new methods for resolving problems that were indicated earlier. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS are systematic operations based on the existing knowledge obtained as a result of research and/or practical experiences and aimed at creating new materials, products, processes, devices, services, systems or methods. The operations could also be focused on significant improvement of the processes and products that already exist RESEARCHERS are scientists, engineers, and technicians being professionally engaged in research and development activities and directly involved in creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods and systems, as well as administrative and managerial staff that directly manages the research process (including heads of scientific organizations and divisions that carry out research and development). NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES INVOLVED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT is the total number of scientific organization employees directly involved in implementation of research and development activities. They include both permanent and temporary employees fully or partially engaged in carrying out research and development, as well as part-time employees and persons working under civil contracts. TECHNICIANS are employees whose main functions require possession of technical knowledge and experience in one or more fields of natural, technical, social or humanitarian sciences; they are involved in implementation of research and development activities, performing technical functions, usually under the guidance of researchers (computer programs preparation; bibliographic search execution and selection of relevant materials from archives and libraries; setting up experiments, trials and analyses; measurements registration, making calculations, preparation of drawings and schemes, conducting statistical surveys, etc.). SUPPORT STAFF are employees who perform auxiliary functions related to research and development activities: employees of planning economic, financial divisions, patent services, divisions of scientific and technical information, scientific and technical libraries; employees performing installation, adjustment, maintenance and repair of scientific equipment and devices; employees of research (experimental) productions; laboratory assistants not having complete higher, basic higher or elementary higher education. GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D is the actual cost of implementation of research and development (at cost) during the reference year regardless of the source of funds, including both current and capital expenditures (less amortization and depreciation of assets). The costs of works (services) that are not science & technology ones, as well as paid services are not included. INTRAMURAL CURRENT EXPENDITURE ON R&D comprises internal expenditure on implementation R&D by own resources regardless capital expenditure (less amortization and depreciation of assets). RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSE - total amount of R&D costs incurred by the organization. The expenses include Intramural current expenses (labor costs, costs of materials and other current expenses) and capital investments (expenses for fixed assets related to the implementation of R&D works of the institution, except depreciation charges for the full restoration of fixed assets).